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equal opportunity
Equal opportunity is a stipulation that all people should be treated similarly, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.〔 The aim according to this often complex and contested concept〔 is that important jobs should go to those “most qualified” – persons most likely to perform ably in a given task – and not go to persons for arbitrary or irrelevant reasons, such as circumstances of birth, upbringing, friendship ties to whoever is in power,〔 religion, sex,〔 ethnicity, race, caste,〔 or involuntary personal attributes such as disability, age, gender, or sexual orientation.〔 Chances for advancement should be open to everybody interested such that they have “an equal chance to compete within the framework of goals and the structure of rules established.” The idea is to remove arbitrariness from the selection process and base it on some “pre-agreed basis of fairness, with the assessment process being related to the type of position,”〔 and emphasizing procedural and legal means.〔〔 Individuals should succeed or fail based on their own efforts and not extraneous circumstances such as having well-connected parents. It is opposed to nepotism〔 and plays a role in whether a social structure is seen as legitimate.〔〔
==Differing political viewpoints==
People with differing political viewpoints often see the concept differently. The meaning of ''equal opportunity'' is debated in fields such as political philosophy, sociology and psychology. It is being applied to increasingly wider areas beyond employment〔 including lending,〔Swire, Peter P.. "Equality of opportunity and investment in creditworthiness.(Symposium - Shaping American Communities: Segregation, Housing & the Urban Poor)." University of Pennsylvania Law Review. University of Pennsylvania, Law School. 1995. (Highbeam Research article ) 12 Sep. 2012.〕 housing, college admissions, voting rights, and elsewhere. In the classical sense, ''equality of opportunity'' is closely aligned with the concept of equality before the law and ideas of meritocracy.
Generally the terms “equality of opportunity” and “equal opportunity” are interchangeable, with occasional slight variations: “equality of opportunity” has more of a sense of being an abstract political concept, while “equal opportunity” is sometimes used as an adjective, usually in the context of employment regulations, to identify an employer, a hiring approach, or law. Equal opportunity provisions have been written into regulations and have been debated in courtrooms. It is sometimes conceived as a legal right against discrimination. It is an ideal which has become increasingly widespread in Western nations during the last several centuries and is intertwined with social mobility, most often with upward mobility and with rags to riches stories:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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